Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Melissa Rosenblum
Linwood, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 27 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals, Criminal Defense, DUI & DWI and Domestic Violence
Widener University Delaware School of Law
When You Need a Fighter in Your Corner . . .
Certified by the Supreme Court of New Jersey as a Criminal Trial Attorney, Melissa Rosenblum works with a client-focused approach that keeps you informed throughout your entire legal process. She understands the sentencing structure and can work to identify weaknesses in the prosecution’s case that play to your advantage. Ms. Rosenblum is one of only 25+ women in the State to be Certified by the Supreme Court of New Jersey as a Criminal Trial Attorney.
When you need powerful defense, talk with our criminal defense lawyer who will fight...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Kathleen Beers
Pleasantville, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 25 years of experience
(609) 645-1111
8025 Black Horse Pike Suite 500
Pleasantville, NJ 08232
Appeals, Business, Legal Malpractice and Personal Injury
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Jennifer B. Barr
Atlantic City, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 26 years of experience
Appeals
Rutgers School of Law-Newark
Claimed Lawyer ProfileBlawg SearchSocial Media
Evan M. Levow
Vineland, NJ Appeals & Appellate Lawyer with 33 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals, Criminal Defense and DUI & DWI
Rutgers University - Camden
Evan Levow is the managing partner of Levow DWI Law, P.C., a law firm exclusively devoted to DWI defense. Evan has successfully defended thousands of DWI cases throughout NJ, frequently getting charges reduced and cases even dismissed. He is an EXTREMELY aggressive DWI trial attorney known for providing relentless advocacy for his clients. Evan is often referred to as the DWI lawyer’s lawyer, lecturing to countless groups on cutting edge DWI defense strategies. The courses he teaches include: “Technical & Scientific Defenses in Alcotest Cases,” “Defending a DWI Blood Case," and “Mastering Scientific Evidence in DUI/DWI Cases.” He appears in...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Daniel Moses Rosenberg
Voorhees, NJ Appeals & Appellate Lawyer with 21 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals, Criminal Defense, DUI & DWI and Juvenile
Rutgers University - Camden
Daniel M. Rosenberg is a passionate, aggressive, and highly effective criminal defense attorney based in Burlington County, New Jersey. While he primarily focuses on criminal defense, his areas of practice also include DUI/DWI, civil litigation, personal injury matters, and general counsel for both individuals and businesses.
Mr. Rosenberg’s criminal experience includes prosecuting and/or defending individuals charged with possession and/or distribution of drugs, homicide, aggravated sexual assault, sexual assault, arson, kidnapping, aggravated assault, robbery, theft, auto theft, home invasions, and a litany of other offenses. He has experience trying criminal matters and is familiar with the criminal justice system. Mr. Rosenberg is...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Gary Ahladianakis
Toms River, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 20 years of experience
Appeals, Consumer, Employment and Personal Injury
University of Connecticut School of Law and Ramapo College
As a seasoned litigator, I am always guided by my belief in a practical approach to litigation which combines a strong work ethic with common sense and attention to the finest detail. This guiding principle, along with my natural talent for selecting and relating my client’s position to a jury, has enabled me to obtain very favorable verdicts, both on the plaintiff- and defense-side of the bar, in several counties throughout the State of New Jersey.
By joining the Carluccio, Leone, Dimon, Doyle & Sacks, L.L.C. team of lawyers, I bring thirteen (13) years of trial experience handling litigation matters involving...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Allyn Marie Smedley
Woodbury, NJ Appeals & Appellate Lawyer with 19 years of experience
Appeals, Divorce, Domestic Violence and Family
Widener University Delaware School of Law
One of South Jersey’s leading matrimonial lawyers, AllynMarie (Ali) Smedley, Esq., has focused her practice solely in the area of family law, including divorce, pre- and post-marital agreements, support and alimony, child support and custody, college contribution matters, spousal support, grandparent visitation, equitable distribution, paternity determinations, parenting time, domestic violence, settlement negotiations, as well as also handles family law matters requiring Appellate Division review.
?Ms. Smedley joined Trace Jenkins in 2006 and became a partner in the firm in January 2014. She founded Smedley & Lis in October 2015 and launched the Smedley Law Group in December 2019. As a...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Esther Eva Berezofsky
Cherry Hill, NJ Appeals & Appellate Lawyer with 37 years of experience
Appeals, Consumer, Environmental and Products Liability
Rutgers School of Law-Camden
Esther Berezofsky is nationally recognized and respected for representing plaintiffs in complex litigation involving mass torts, pharmaceutical drugs and medical device products liability, consumer fraud class actions, environmental litigation and chemical exposure cases. As one of the foremost environmental attorneys in the country, she has litigated high-profile cases including– notably as lead counsel the Toms River case–which has been profiled in books, television news programs and other media.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Kevin Haverty
Haddonfield, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 32 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals, Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury and Products Liability
Rutgers School of Law-Camden
Kevin Haverty is an experienced trial attorney whose practice concentrates on pharmaceutical and medical device product liability, medical negligence and other personal injury matters. He is certified by the Supreme Court of New Jersey as a Civil Trial Attorney
Mr. Haverty also has an extensive appellate practice and has been involved in several significant cases in federal and state courts including, most recently, Wendell v. GlaxoSmithKline, a 9th Circuit decision addressing the admission of expert testimony in cases involving rare diseases. He has authored five briefs as friend of the court for the New Jersey Association for Justice (formerly...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Michael V. Troso
Haddon Heights, NJ Appeals & Appellate Lawyer with 20 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals, Criminal Defense, DUI & DWI and Traffic Tickets
Rutgers School of Law-Camden
Michael V. Troso graduated the Burlington County Police Academy and began his career as a Police Officer. While attending Law School at night, he worked full time as an Investigator with the New Jersey Division of Criminal Justice. He assisted in training new investigators and after being certified by the Police Training Commission as an Instructor, also taught at the police academies. He began his legal career Prosecuting as a Deputy Attorney General with the NJ Division of Criminal Justice, specializing in complex criminal cases. He now defends clients in Municipal and Superior Courts in DWI, Criminal, and...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
R. Armen McOmber
Marlton, NJ Appeals & Appellate Lawyer with 26 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals, Arbitration & Mediation, Business and Collections
American University Washington College of Law
Mr. McOmber is a third-generation attorney and a lifelong resident of Monmouth County. He earned a Bachelor of Arts Degree from Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts and a Juris Doctor from American University Washington College of Law, in Washington, D.C.
In 1998, he was admitted to New Jersey and Federal District Court Bars and joined the firm of McOmber McOmber & Luber, which was established by his parents, Richard and Adrienne McOmber, in 1974. He was promoted to partner in 2001. Mr. McOmber resides in the Red Bank area with his wife, Dr. Nathalie Zenian McOmber, a general dentist who also...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Marguerite Kneisser
Toms River, NJ Appeals & Appellate Lawyer with 12 years of experience
Appeals, Business, Civil Rights and Employment
Seton Hall University School of Law
To me, being a great lawyer requires hard work, determination, passion, honesty and integrity. These are values I live by, not only in my legal career but in all aspects of my personal and professional life. These are also the values instilled on both new and experienced attorneys at Carluccio, Leone, Dimon, Doyle & Sacks, LLC, which is one of the many reasons I was determined to become a new associate here. Though I have only been practicing law for a short period of time, I have been fortunate enough to work under the guidance of an esteemed judge as...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Richard Alexander Asselta
Mt Laurel, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 25 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals and Education
Nova Southeastern University
Mr. Asselta focuses his practice to the areas of education law and appeals. Mr. Asselta began his career working for a defense firm that exclusively dealt with criminal appeals and post-conviction criminal litigation. Mr. Asselta has prepared briefs and motions concerning major drug trafficking crimes, criminal conspiracy and financial crimes, to name a few. He is also an experienced litigator, having tried numerous matters. Mr. Asselta has represented clients in Florida and New Jersey and in numerous federal courts of appeals. Mr. Asselta’s education and school law practice includes representing the interests of students of any age when dealing...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Richard M. Darnall
Mt Laurel, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 32 years of experience
Appeals, Insurance Defense and Real Estate
Widener University
Richard M. Darnall, Managing Partner of Reger Rizzo Darnall’s Mt. Laurel Office, concentrates his practice in the representation of clients in matters relating to real estate errors and omissions litigation, real estate brokerage regulatory compliance, complex commercial litigation, insurance coverage, professional liability, products liability, intellectual property matters, trucking, automobile, premises liability, and subrogation claims. Mr. Darnall also has extensive experience handling a wide range of construction litigation matters, representing both owners and contractors, including construction site claims and construction defect litigation.
He has tried both jury and non-jury matters in State and Federal Courts. He has also argued before State...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Ronald Glenn Lieberman
Moorestown, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 26 years of experience
Appeals, Divorce, Domestic Violence and Family
New York Law School
25 years of assisting family and divorce clients in getting through the difficult issues and problems.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Stephanie Kammer Heimann
Mt. Laurel, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 10 years of experience
Appeals, Arbitration & Mediation, Collections and Criminal Defense
Temple University Beasley School of Law
Stephanie K. Heimann received her Juris Doctor in 2013 from Temple University’s Beasley School of Law, where she received the Barrister’s Award for Excellence in Trial Advocacy and was a founding member of the International Criminal Court Moot Court Team.
Stephanie has clerkship experience in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, The Superior Court of Pennsylvania, and she held a clerkship at the Federal Criminal Court of Switzerland. Before joining the Lento Law Group, Stephanie worked as an intelligence analyst for the City of New York in the Sheriff's Bureau of Criminal Investigation investigating financial...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Cristian Michael Towers
Cherry Hill, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 28 years of experience
Appeals, Divorce, Domestic Violence and White Collar Crime
Widener University
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Daniel K. Newman
Voorhees, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 49 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals, Divorce, Family and Personal Injury
St. Mary's University School of Law
I have been practicing law for more than 30 years, and have an impressive record of reported decisions, verdicts and settlements. I am a member of the Million Dollar Advocates Forum, one of the most prestigious groups of trial lawyers in the United States. Membership in the Million Dollar Advocates Forum is limited to lawyers who have won million-dollar and multi-million-dollar verdicts and settlements. As well, I also practice extensively in the area of family law and divorce and have successfully tried many child custody and divorce matters to conclusion.
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Meghan A. Pazmino
Marlton, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney
Free ConsultationAppeals, Civil Rights and Employment
Rutgers School of Law-Camden
Mrs. Pazmino is an associate at McOmber McOmber & Luber, P.C. Mrs. Pazmino handles all aspects of employment litigation, including but not limited to matters involving discrimination, retaliation, sexual harassment, wrongful termination, and whistleblower claims.
Mrs. Pazmino believes that every employee should always feel safe and comfortable in the workplace and that anything less is an injustice.
Mrs. Pazmino graduated magna cum laude from East Stroudsburg University in 2015, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts Degree with a major in Political Science and a minor in Philosophy. Following her graduation from East Stroudsburg University, Mrs. Pazmino attended Rutgers Law School on...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Rasha B. Foda
Medford, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 17 years of experience
Appeals, Business, Family and Real Estate
Brooklyn Law School
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Paul DePetris
Cherry Hill, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 29 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals and Consumer
CASES AND CLAIMS FOR WHICH THE LAW OFFICES OF PAUL DEPETRIS OFFERS LEGAL SERVICES The Firm gives one no obligation phone consultation to possible clients and provides statewide (North, Central & South Jersey) representation to people and businesses involving the following types of claims and cases: Appeals Auto & Boat Disputes Auto Sales Disputes Auto Warranty Disputes Auto Fraud Disputes Auto Repairs Disputes Bailment Disputes Bill & Debt Collection Litigation Boat Repair & Sales Disputes Breach Of Contract Disputes Breach Of Warranty Disputes Business & Commercial Litigation Business Forms Preparation Business Insurance Coverage Cases Civil Appeals...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
John Sitzler
Hainesport, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 48 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals, Criminal Defense, DUI & DWI and Domestic Violence
Vermont Law School
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Dominique Tonacchio
Forked River, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 10 years of experience
Appeals, Business, Criminal Defense and Family
Roger Williams University School of Law and Pennsylvania State University - University Park
Dominique Tonacchio, Esq., is a partner with the law firm of Tonacchio, Spina and Compitello.
Dominique graduated from Holy Trinity High School in New York and attended The Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania, where she graduated with a dual Bachelor of Arts in Criminal Law and Sociology, with a minor in Women’s Studies. Dominique graduated on the Dean’s list at The Pennsylvania State University. Dominique then attended Roger Williams University School of Law, where she earned her Juris Doctorate. While at Roger Williams University School of Law, Dominique was the Executive Vice President of the...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Daniella Gordon
Marlton, NJ Appeals & Appellate Lawyer
Appeals, Construction, Criminal Defense and White Collar Crime
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Mr. Edward Joseph Crisonino
Westmont, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 40 years of experience
Appeals, Criminal Defense and DUI & DWI
Brooklyn Law School
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Fioravante Bucci
Cherry Hill, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney
Appeals, Collections, Divorce and Family
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Julie R. Burick
haddonfield, NJ Appeals & Appellate Lawyer
(856) 428-8334
Ext. 236
4 kings highway east
haddonfield, NJ 08033
Appeals, Arbitration & Mediation, Divorce and Family
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial MediaResponsive Law
Rajeh A. Saadeh
Bridgewater, NJ Appeals & Appellate Lawyer with 14 years of experience
Appeals, Divorce, Family and Real Estate
University of Pennsylvania Law School
Go to http://www.rajehsaadeh.com to learn more!
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial MediaResponsive Law
Richard Diamond
Short Hills, NJ Appeals & Appellate Lawyer with 39 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals, Arbitration & Mediation, Divorce and Family
Seton Hall University School of Law
Richard Diamond has been practicing Family Law Litigation, Mediation & Arbitration work in New Jersey for the past 37 years and is a Certified Family Law Trial Attorney by the N.J. Supreme Court; Accredited New Jersey Family Law Mediator, authorized by the NJ Supreme Court to handle family law mediation matters with an active domestic violence restraining order in place and a Family Law Arbitrator.
Mr Diamond is also a Family Law Economic Mediator in Union, Essex, Morris, Somerset, Middlesex and Monmouth Counties.
Mr Diamond is also a member of the Essex, Union and Somerset County's...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Darren C. O'Toole
Wall Township, NJ Appeals & Appellate Lawyer with 25 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals, Divorce, Domestic Violence and Family
Rutgers School of Law-Camden
Darren C. O’Toole, Esq. is Lead Family Law Attorney at the Law Offices of Darren C. O'Toole, LLC. Mr. O'Toole has over 20 years experience specializing in family law.
Mr. O'Toole has been selected to NJ Family Law Superlawyers for 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019. In addition, Mr. O'Toole is Lead Counsel Rated for his extensive litigation experience in Family Law.
Mr. O'Toole is honored to have a perfect 10.0 Avvo Rating.
Mr. O'Toole completed a clerkship Family Part of the Superior Court, Monmouth County, NJ and has practiced family law in...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Eric Marcy
Somerville, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 42 years of experience
(908) 575-9777
76 East Main Street - Hamon Building
Somerville, NJ 08876
Free ConsultationAppeals, DUI & DWI, Domestic Violence and White Collar Crime
Seton Hall University School of Law
Eric Marcy heads litigation services relating to criminal defense and administrative law at Lyons & Associates, PC, with Offices in Somerville and Morristown.
Eric's practice areas include, but are not limited to:
• General Criminal Practice – Federal, State, and Municipal Courts
• White Collar Crime Defense, Eric has represented businesses that have been the victim of criminal activity as well as those charged with white collar crimes. Cases frequently present a complex combination of civil, criminal and regulatory issues
• Insurance Fraud and Health Care Audits, Investigations, and Prosecutions, audits by insurance carriers, investigations by Department of Banking and Insurance (DOBI) and Office...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial MediaResponsive Law
Andrew M Shaw
Somerville, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 9 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals, Divorce, Domestic Violence and Family
Georgetown University
Andrew M. Shaw, Esq. is a graduate of Georgetown University Law Center and a former board member of the Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law and Policy, where he published. Andrew served as both a legal intern to Justice Helen Hoens of the New Jersey Supreme Court and as a judicial law clerk to the Hon. Margaret Goodzeit, P.J.F.P.; the Hon. Anthony F. Picheca, Jr., J.S.C.; and the Hon. Michael F. O’Neill, J.S.C., in the Somerset County Family Part.
Between 2015 and 2018, Andrew has published four articles on issues relating to family law in the New Jersey Law Journal, including: (1)...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Robert G. Stahl
Westfield, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 35 years of experience
Appeals, Criminal Defense, DUI & DWI and Domestic Violence
Seton Hall University School of Law
Robert G. Stahl is the managing partner of Stahl Gasiorowski Criminal Defense Lawyers. He started the firm in 1997, after six years of exemplary service as a federal prosecutor. His firm focuses on defending individuals charged with white-collar offenses and other serious federal and state charges, both at trial and on appeal. Recent notable federal cases include representing a college student charged with conspiracy to obstruct justice in the aftermath of Boston Marathon bombing; a pharmacist charged with a multimillion-dollar online prescription drug fraud scheme in the SDNY; and a prominent rabbi charged with kidnapping as a result of...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Laura Kathleen Gasiorowski
Westfield, NJ Appeals & Appellate Lawyer with 29 years of experience
(901) 301-9001
53 Cardinal Drive
3rd Floor, Suite 4
Westfield, NJ 07090
Free ConsultationAppeals, Criminal Defense and White Collar Crime
Tulane University School of Law
Laura K. Gasiorowski, Esq. has been practicing criminal defense law since 1994 and joined Stahl Gasiorowski Criminal Defense Lawyers in 2005. For almost thirty years she has concentrated her career on representation of individuals and corporations in state and federal courts, in a wide variety of criminal matters, from complex white collar cases involving mail and wire fraud, money laundering, computer fraud, structuring, tax evasion and bank fraud to offenses like terrorism, kidnapping, gambling, narcotics violations, murder, VICAR, and RICO. She also represents students in college and university disciplinary hearings.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial MediaResponsive Law
James A. Abate
Somerville, NJ Appeals & Appellate Lawyer with 25 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals, Criminal Defense, DUI & DWI and Domestic Violence
Brooklyn Law School
Going through the process, no one seems to want to listen to you. They have probably treated you like a number that is being prosecuted by a machine. The last thing you need is to have your attorney take your case and treat you and it as if it is like every other case. My office was founded on the principal that the future can be better than the present and we have the ability to make it so.
You will receive a consultation that focuses on your unique experience, while bringing our training and experience in...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial MediaResponsive Law
Howard Lesnik
Mountainside, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 23 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals, Criminal Defense, Juvenile and Personal Injury
Seton Hall University
Mr. Lesnik is a Certified Trial Lawyer in New Jersey who brings his experience and knowledge of the laws of New Jersey to protect you and your family. Allow yourself time to heal from your injuries while your attorney handles the insurance company, and other legal matters concerning any exposure to criminal charges.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial Media
Elena K. Weitz
Millburn, NJ Appeals & Appellate Lawyer with 19 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals, Divorce, Domestic Violence and Family
Seton Hall University School of Law
Elena K. Weitz, Esq. is a Partner at the Williams Law Group, focusing her practice on all aspects of family, divorce and post-divorce matters including child support, alimony, custody, and domestic violence, in addition to providing legal services related to general civil litigation, contract, estate and municipal matters.
Ms. Weitz earned a Bachelor’s degree in Sociology and Psychology from Franklin & Marshall college and her Juris Doctor from Seton Hall University School of Law. While at Seton Hall, Ms. Weitz was the recipient of the Seton Hall University School of Law Public Interest Fellowship, and she was chosen to...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Charles D. Dawkins Jr.
Elizabeth, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 24 years of experience
Appeals, Criminal Defense and Personal Injury
American University Washington College of Law
Attorney Charles Dawkins Jr. practices Federal and State Law appeals law, Criminal Law, and Personal Injury law. The Attorney has been practicing law for over 20 years.
The Attorney has trial experience in municipal court, NJ. State and Federal Criminal Court; and State Civil Court.
Attorney Charles Dawkins Jr. has successfully argued before the N.J. Supreme Court, S.T. v. 1515 Broad St., LLC 241 N.J. 257 (N.J. 2020). The Attorney has filed briefs for the N.J. Third Circuit Court of Appeals, and N.J. Superior Court Appellate Court.
Attorney Charles Dawkins Jr. attempts to take CLE continuing education courses that will...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Scott Andrew Gorman
Millburn, NJ Appeals & Appellate Lawyer with 19 years of experience
Appeals, Criminal Defense, DUI & DWI and Domestic Violence
Rutgers School of Law-Newark and Cornell University
Scott A. Gorman founded The Gorman Law Firm in New Jersey in 2011. There, Mr. Gorman focused his practice primarily in the areas of criminal defense, domestic violence, drug possession, DUI/DWI, expungement and juvenile defense. Prior to opening his own firm, he served as a judicial law clerk to the Honorable Barbara Byrd Wecker, a now retired judge of the Superior Court of New Jersey, Appellate Division. Mr. Gorman also worked as an associate assigned to the Employment Law team at K&L Gates and he spent four years as an associate with the Rem Zeller Law Group working on civil...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Steven Backfisch
Westfield, NJ Appeals & Appellate Attorney with 44 years of experience
Appeals, Employment and Insurance Defense
Seton Hall University School of Law
Steven Backfisch has more than thirty years of experience, he regularly handles all types of civil litigation including employment discrimination claims on behalf of employers, defense of civil rights claims, catastrophic personal injury claims, and product liability claims on behalf of defendants. He regularly represents clients in civil litigation in the Superior Court of New Jersey, the United States District Courts in New Jersey and New York, and in the state and federal appellate courts.