Castroville Estate Planning Lawyers
Estate Planning, Elder and Probate
I am a State Bar of California Certified Specialist in Estate Planning, Trust & Probate law. I have over 30 years of experience as a trusts and estates attorney. I advise clients regarding estate planning, estate/trust administration and litigation. I have offices in Northern and Southern California and can assist you regardless of your location. I can help you with setting up your estate plan, resolving a family dispute regarding a trust or estate and with administration issues after a loved one passes away. Listen to my podcasts at www.adamsandrafferty.com to find out more information about...
Estate Planning
The autobiography can be accessed at this link: https://ajcalaw.com/attorney/andrei-jingan/
Estate Planning, DUI & DWI and Personal Injury
As the founder of Travis G. Black & Associates, Folsom attorney Travis G. Black provides legal guidance to injury victims and those looking to create estate planning documents. Mr. Black has been licensed to practice law in California since 1992. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the Capital City Trial Lawyers Association and a former member of the Board of Directors of the Gerry Spence Trial Lawyers College. Attorney Black received his Juris Doctor from the Western State University College of Law. For a free consultation, contact his firm today.
Estate Planning, Business and Real Estate
Kiran Dhillon specializes in transactional business law, real estate law and estate planning legal matters. She has several years of experience counseling individuals, small business owners and large corporations. Kiran has drafted thousands of agreements such as leases, timeshare agreements, asset purchase agreements, bill of sale agreements, promissory notes, security agreements, employment agreements, and professional services agreements, etc.
During law school Kiran graduated ranked 2nd as Salutatorian of her 2013 law school class at Western State College of Law, where she was the recipient of a merit-based 100% Outstanding Academic Achievement Scholarship, and the recipient of 4 Witkin Awards for Academic...
Estate Planning
Sheri Hoffman attended UC Davis from 1987 to 1991, where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science. She then attended Golden Gate University School of Law in San Francisco from 1991-1994, where she graduated Law School as a member of the Golden Gate University School of Law’s Dean’s List. Sheri passed the bar on her first attempt.
After marrying Joseph in 1996, they formed the Law Offices of Hoffman & Hoffman. Sheri is a Certified Estate Planning Specialist and a member of Wealth Counsel. Sheri’s practice includes all elements necessary to draft a comprehensive estate plan, regardless of...
After marrying Joseph in 1996, they formed the Law Offices of Hoffman & Hoffman. Sheri is a Certified Estate Planning Specialist and a member of Wealth Counsel. Sheri’s practice includes all elements necessary to draft a comprehensive estate plan, regardless of...
Estate Planning, Bankruptcy and Probate
Mr. Pearl is a dedicated third generation Bakersfield Attorney. He is experienced and effective advocating for clients in a broad array of Consumer Bankruptcy matters. Mr. Pearl also provides skilled representation for complex legal issues in Estate Planning, Elder Law, Medi-Cal Planning, Probate and Trust Administration. In addition, he is experienced in areas such as Taxation, Corporate Law, Real Estate, Intellectual Property and Secured Transactions. Mr. Pearl is committed to exceptional service and legal representation for his clients.
In 2000, Mr. Pearl earned a B.A. in Business and Economics from UC Santa Barbara, where he received a five year golf scholarship....
In 2000, Mr. Pearl earned a B.A. in Business and Economics from UC Santa Barbara, where he received a five year golf scholarship....
Estate Planning, Business, Landlord Tenant and Real Estate
Representing Landlords in Eviction Cases. Assisting Interstate Household Goods Moving Companies with Tariffs and Contracts. Practicing member of the State Bar of California and the United States District Court for the Central District of California.
Estate Planning, Divorce, Family and Probate
Lorilee DeSantis is an attorney whose passion for helping families protect their loved ones and their assets shines through to all who work with her. Lorilee’s clients often comment that her ability to deeply listen and understand their concerns makes it very easy for them to talk to her about difficult subjects. Her clients also appreciate that Lorilee explains complex legal concepts in ways that are easy to digest so that clients fully understand their legal options. Lorilee’s dedication to helping people with family-oriented legal issues stems from personal experiences. When Lorilee was growing up, she saw...
Estate Planning
Oxnard estate planning attorney Eric Ridley loves helping families and small businesses in Oxnard, Ventura, Camarillo and Santa Barbara counties protect their assets through estate planning, Family Asset Protection & Medi-Cal planning. I help seniors preserve their self-determination and their dignity, along with their assets.
Attorney Eric Ridley always gives free consultations, and answers his own phone.
Agressive and compassionate, Eric Ridley serves clients in Ventura, Santa Clarita, Port Hueneme and all points in between.
https://www.ridleylawoffices.com
Estate Planning, Business and Tax
Brad Cohen's practice emphasizes business planning related to complex corporate and partnership transactions, including mergers and acquisitions, financing and business succession planning, income tax planning, and estate tax planning, all on an integrated basis.
He is a member of JMBM’s Trusts & Estates Group which is recognized by U.S. News & World Report / Best Law Firms® with a National First Tier ranking in Trusts & Estates Law.
Brad is best known for his business and tax advice related to the motion picture, television, music, emerging media and sports industries. One of the focuses of his practice is coordinating the...
He is a member of JMBM’s Trusts & Estates Group which is recognized by U.S. News & World Report / Best Law Firms® with a National First Tier ranking in Trusts & Estates Law.
Brad is best known for his business and tax advice related to the motion picture, television, music, emerging media and sports industries. One of the focuses of his practice is coordinating the...
Estate Planning, Environmental, Probate and Real Estate
Diane Park specializes in estate and trust administration, as well as estate, trust and conservatorship litigation. In administrative matters, Diane is respectful of her clients’ grief, helping them navigate the many decisions that ultimately bring them peace-of-mind. In litigation matters, she is sensitive to the stressful nature of disputes in general, maintaining focus on achieving resolution as quickly as possible. With a background in civil litigation, Diane is well-versed in the litigation process, contributing to her efficiency.
Diane is on the Executive Committee of the Trusts and Estates Section of the Los Angeles County Bar Association. In this capacity, she collaborates...
Diane is on the Executive Committee of the Trusts and Estates Section of the Los Angeles County Bar Association. In this capacity, she collaborates...
Estate Planning and Probate
At Acorn Law PC, Nikki Hashemi helps clients achieve peace of mind.
Nikki received her B.A. from the University of British Columbia with a Major in Political Science and an Honors Degree in Germanic Studies. She obtained her Juris Doctorate from Loyola Law School of Los Angeles, where she was also invited to join the Moot Court.
Nikki was admitted to the California Bar in 2005 and has since represented hundreds of clients in the United States Bankruptcy Courts for the Central and Southern District. She is admitted to all Courts within the State of California.
Nikki is determined to deliver...
Estate Planning, Arbitration & Mediation and Probate
Blake Rummel is a litigator focused exclusively in the areas of probate, conservatorship, and estate and trust litigation. She has been successfully resolving disputes for almost 30 years, both in and out of the courtroom. Blake is highly respected by her peers, assisting them when client matters turn from administration to litigation. Although she is aggressive in representing the best interests of her clients, she treats every client with compassion and discretion, sensitive to the emotions that often cloud the parties’ ability to amicably reach agreement.
Through her representation of both fiduciaries and beneficiaries, Blake has tremendous insight into the concerns...
Through her representation of both fiduciaries and beneficiaries, Blake has tremendous insight into the concerns...
Estate Planning, Business and Tax
I have decades of experience counseling on Estate, Wealth Transfer, Business Succession, and Charitable Planning matters. I diligently represent clients throughout Los Angeles in State, Federal and U.S. Tax Courts.
I am dedicated to bringing a fresh perspective to estate and wealth transfer planning. With a focus on meeting my clients' personal and business needs, I create customized solutions focused on the best possible outcomes. I diligently advocate for the unique objectives, challenges, and concerns of my clients.
With many teaching and speaking engagements, I am skilled at explaining complex legal matters in a way that everyone can understand. I have been...
I am dedicated to bringing a fresh perspective to estate and wealth transfer planning. With a focus on meeting my clients' personal and business needs, I create customized solutions focused on the best possible outcomes. I diligently advocate for the unique objectives, challenges, and concerns of my clients.
With many teaching and speaking engagements, I am skilled at explaining complex legal matters in a way that everyone can understand. I have been...
Estate Planning, Business, Real Estate and Tax
With four decades of legal experience, I provide counsel for Business, Real Estate, Estate Planning, Tax, Intellectual Property, Entertainment & Sports, and Hospitality Law matters. Based in Southern California, I represent clients as outside general counsel throughout the world. I am dedicated to delivering legal expertise and experience focused on the best possible outcomes.
Highly accomplished and respected by peers, I have been honored as the 2018 Southern California Lawyer of the Year for Closely-Held Companies & Family Businesses Law, and the 2019 Southern California Lawyer of the Year for Trusts and Estates.
Outside of work, I am committed to giving...
Highly accomplished and respected by peers, I have been honored as the 2018 Southern California Lawyer of the Year for Closely-Held Companies & Family Businesses Law, and the 2019 Southern California Lawyer of the Year for Trusts and Estates.
Outside of work, I am committed to giving...
Estate Planning, Business and Probate
Megan Ferkel Earhart is an associate with the JMBM's Taxation and Trusts and Estates Groups. JMBM’s Trusts & Estates Group is recognized by U.S. News & World Report / Best Law Firms® with a National First Tier ranking in Trusts & Estates Law. Her practice includes estate planning, probate, trust administration and related income, gift and estate tax matters.
She has authored and co-authored articles on estate planning in the Los Angeles Daily Journal and Los Angeles Lawyer Magazine and lectures to audiences on estate planning, including the Beverly Hills Bar Association, the Jewish Community Foundation and USC Trusts and Estates...
She has authored and co-authored articles on estate planning in the Los Angeles Daily Journal and Los Angeles Lawyer Magazine and lectures to audiences on estate planning, including the Beverly Hills Bar Association, the Jewish Community Foundation and USC Trusts and Estates...
Estate Planning, Business and Real Estate
Gerard V. Kassabian JD, LL.M, is a California licensed attorney with diverse experience in transaction and litigation matters representing high net-worth families with respect to their trusts and estates, family law, real estate and business law matters. Mr. Kassabian is admitted to practice before all California State Courts and the United States District Court of California, Central District.
After graduating from the University of Southern California with dual-degrees in Business Finance with emphasis in Real Estate and Political Science, he attended Southwestern Law School where he was an associate editor of the Southwestern Law Review honors program followed by a...
Estate Planning, Business, Employment and IP
Attorney Stoker is the principal attorney of Stoker Law Firm. He is the second youngest out of five children with three brothers and a sister which led him to thrive on competition. His mother often reminds him of when he was in elementary school telling her he wanted to be a lawyer.
While attending Suffolk, Attorney Stoker served as a fellow in the Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project, studied international law at Lund University in Sweden, and earned a concentration in Business Law and Financial Services.
Attorney Stoker's legal career began with an internship his senior year at Merrimack with Gomez & Palumbo,...
While attending Suffolk, Attorney Stoker served as a fellow in the Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project, studied international law at Lund University in Sweden, and earned a concentration in Business Law and Financial Services.
Attorney Stoker's legal career began with an internship his senior year at Merrimack with Gomez & Palumbo,...
Estate Planning, Bankruptcy and Immigration
Over 20 years experience with consumer Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 bankruptcies, lien avoidance and income tax discharge.
Estate Planning, Bankruptcy, Business and Personal Injury
The areas of focus are Personal Injury, Contracts, Business Management, Business Formation (Corporation and LLC), Real Estate, Bankruptcy, Debt Settlement, Estate Planning and Banking. In addition to practicing law, the second part of the firm concentrates on Business Management section in which focus is on accounts payable, accounts receivable, paying bills, doing all tax work and anything else the client is interested in. Lastly, the firm concentrates on business consulting for anyone who currently has a business or plan to start a business.
Estate Planning, Business, IP and Personal Injury
Robert was the youngest graduate of his class at Southwestern Law School. He has been the recipient of several legal awards, including the Witkin Award for Academic Excellence, the Wildman & Schumacher Scholarship, and the Edna Kraemer Dunlap Scholarship. Robert is also certified as a professional LexisNexis and WestlawNext researcher. He earned his Bachelor of Arts cum laude from UCLA with a major in political science.
Robert’s primary focus is drafting, editing, and negotiating contractual agreements. He has a passion for intellectual property (IP) law, which encompasses copyrights, trademarks, and patents. He is certified as a professional LexisNexis and WestlawNext...
Robert’s primary focus is drafting, editing, and negotiating contractual agreements. He has a passion for intellectual property (IP) law, which encompasses copyrights, trademarks, and patents. He is certified as a professional LexisNexis and WestlawNext...
Estate Planning, Divorce, Elder and Probate
Alexander R. Ginzburg is an experienced Family Law, Elder Law, Probate and Estate Planning Attorney at Ginzburg & Bronshteyn, APC.
His practice areas include Trust Litigation, Conservatorships, Divorces & Annulments, Asset division, High profile and high net worth matters, Spousal & Child Support, Child Custody, Prenuptial Agreements and Pre-divorce financial planning.
Mr. Ginzburg guides clients through the legal process with an individualized plan of action and quality legal representation. He is dedicated to providing intelligent, aggressive, compassionate and affordable advocacy focused on achieving the best possible results.
In 1986, Mr. Ginzburg obtained a B.S. Degree in Electrical Engineering from the University...
Estate Planning and Tax
Dan is certified by the State Bar of California Board of Legal Specialization as a Certified Legal Specialist in Taxation, a designation earned by less than 400 of the approximately 200,000 attorneys licensed in California. Dan has earned an LL.M (Master of Laws) in taxation from Chapman University School of Law, and he is a Certified Public Accountant, and Real Estate Broker. Dan is also an adjunct professor of taxation at Whittier College of Law.
Dan began his career as a Certified Public Accountant in 1983 working at the prestigious firm Kenneth Leventhal & Company (later acquired by...
Estate Planning, Business and Real Estate
Ryan has worked nearly exclusively with church and other nonprofit organizations, including charter schools, in either locating or in making their location’s availability to other groups on shared/exclusive basis. Including with those services provided, he has assistance in site evaluations, building permits, code and land variances, zoning matters including entitlements and violations, and Conditional, Special and Administrative Use Permits, and the always unpleasant Unlawful Detainer action.
On the legal side, Ryan has negotiated, authored, and reviewed numerous contracts regarding the sale, rental, leasing or licensing of facilities (often in today’s economy on a shared basis), including cell towers, property tax assessments/exemptions,...
On the legal side, Ryan has negotiated, authored, and reviewed numerous contracts regarding the sale, rental, leasing or licensing of facilities (often in today’s economy on a shared basis), including cell towers, property tax assessments/exemptions,...
Estate Planning and Business
Abe Chaballout specializes in providing advice and counsel to individuals, families, businesses, and high-net-worth entrepreneurs. His skillset includes setting up revocable and irrevocable trusts, asset protection, complex estate planning, tax optimization, and succession management.
He has also served as a business attorney where he helped clients navigate corporate formations, mergers and acquisitions, contract review, governance, and financing transactions, including venture capital – giving him an unparalleled edge sharpened with a wide array of legal knowledge.
Abe earned his law degree from the prestigious University of California Berkeley School of Law, and his bachelor’s from Cornell University. Based on his academic excellence, he...
Estate Planning
Sean D. Muntz serves as Managing Partner of RMO LLP. Sean is an experienced trial and appellate lawyer, with litigation experience spanning a broad range of subject matters, including banking, general commercial, employment, probate, real estate, securities, intellectual property, maritime and environmental disputes. Sean has litigated matters in state and federal courts throughout California, and in alternative dispute resolution forums, including AAA and JAMS, and before the NASD/FINRA and Pacific Stock Exchange.
Sean’s practice focuses on representing beneficiaries, professional and corporate fiduciaries (administrators, executors, trustees, conservators, and guardians) in contested trust, estate and probate litigation.
Sean previously was a partner at an...
Estate Planning, Elder and Probate
SUZANNE M. REHMANI, ESQ.
Suzanne M. Rehmani has been an attorney since 1992. She has more than twenty five years of experience practicing law including litigating cases and has also handled numerous cases at the appellate level. She has an LLM in Taxation and is a licensed notary. Ms. Rehmani has extensive experience in litigation, with an emphasis on trust, probate, financial elder abuse, conservatorships, business and general civil and business litigation. She also has extensive experience in the area of basic and complex estate planning drafting, including wills, trusts, probate, trust and estate administration matters, life insurance trusts, special needs...
Suzanne M. Rehmani has been an attorney since 1992. She has more than twenty five years of experience practicing law including litigating cases and has also handled numerous cases at the appellate level. She has an LLM in Taxation and is a licensed notary. Ms. Rehmani has extensive experience in litigation, with an emphasis on trust, probate, financial elder abuse, conservatorships, business and general civil and business litigation. She also has extensive experience in the area of basic and complex estate planning drafting, including wills, trusts, probate, trust and estate administration matters, life insurance trusts, special needs...
Estate Planning, Business, Nursing Home and Probate
Priscilla Madrid a civil litigation attorney, both plaintff and defense, an estate planning and elder law attorney who is located in Anaheim Hills, California. Her practice includes personal injury and business litigation, both plaintiff and defense, estate planning for businesses and individuals, probate, trust, estate and elder abuse litigation, conservatorships, trust administration and consulting. She has extensive experience in drafting and interpreting trusts, contracts and other legal documents along with an extensive civil litigation background spanning over 25 years of practice in both state and federal courts. She has successfully tried over 25 jury trials to verdict, is...
Estate Planning, Business, Criminal Defense and Family
Douglas Borthwick Esq. was born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1965. He graduated with high honors (Magna Cum Laude) from Muskingum University in 1988 with Bachelor of Arts degrees in Business, Economics, and Religion. At Muskingum University he was the recipient of the prestigious Wall Street Journal Student Achievement Award, and the Financial Executive Institute Award. Attorney Douglas Borthwick received his Juris Doctorate degree in 1991 from Capital University Law School where he was the recipient of an academic scholarship and was on the Dean's List. Throughout his time in Law School, he worked as an Intern at the...
Estate Planning and Business
Attorney at Law Offices 1820 West Orangewood Avenue, Suite 104a, Orange, CA 92868 Office: +1 (714) 634-4838.
With more than a 1000 small business owners as clients, Andy Gale clearly knows his way around the legal ramifications of small business law. He has been practicing law at Gale & Vallance since 1987.
Andy started his career as a trial attorney for the Office of the District Attorney in Orange County, California working there from 1980 through 1987.
He has served in his community as the Director for the Foundation for Personal Financial Education from May 2009 to January 2011.
He has received many...
With more than a 1000 small business owners as clients, Andy Gale clearly knows his way around the legal ramifications of small business law. He has been practicing law at Gale & Vallance since 1987.
Andy started his career as a trial attorney for the Office of the District Attorney in Orange County, California working there from 1980 through 1987.
He has served in his community as the Director for the Foundation for Personal Financial Education from May 2009 to January 2011.
He has received many...
Estate Planning and Elder
I have been an estate planning lawyer since 1998. I have a Juris Doctorate degree from Pepperdine University School of Law and a post doctorate degree (LL.M. in Estate Planning) from the University of Miami School of Law. I am a California State Bar certified specialist in Estate Planning, Trust and Probate Law. In addition, I taught estate planning (Wills and Trusts), estate administration and probate law as an adjunct professor at Cerritos Community College.
Estate Planning, Probate, Real Estate and Tax
Business & Real Estate Attorney Robert Spitz brings 45 years of experience to individuals and small businesses throughout the Inland Empire. A dedicated sole practitioner since 1975, Attorney Robert Spitz will personally handle all aspects of your case – you will never be passed off to an associate. Some business and real estate cases are taken on a contingency fee basis. Ontario Real Estate Lawyer and Business Attorney Robert J. Spitz takes a proactive and practical approach. He will carefully review all of the details of your legal situation, identify potential problems and propose effective solutions to help you...
Estate Planning, Criminal Defense, DUI & DWI and Divorce
The Law Offices of Fernando J. Bernheim is committed to providing professional legal services and aggressive representation backed by extensive knowledge and experience in matters of law. We understand the impact that your legal issue has upon your life and we are dedicated to assuring you every remedy within the scope of the law.
For more than ten years, Attorney F. J. Bernheim has represented clients on a range of issues relating to:
Family Law
Criminal Law
Personal Injury/Civil
Bankruptcy
Real Estate
Immigration
Wills And Trusts.
For more than ten years, Attorney F. J. Bernheim has represented clients on a range of issues relating to:
Family Law
Criminal Law
Personal Injury/Civil
Bankruptcy
Real Estate
Immigration
Wills And Trusts.
Estate Planning, Divorce, Elder and Probate
Practice Areas: Estates & Trusts, Trust and Estate Litigation, Elder Abuse, Conservatorships, Real Property, Business Litigation, Family, Divorce, Custody, Support
Ms. Wickers handles clients legal needs including representing clients in trial, and appeals. In 2020, Christina Wickers obtained a Top Attorney Avvo Rating of 10/10 and was selected by Super Lawyers, Rising Stars List, for Southern California, in both 2020 and 2022 – a top rated Trusts and Estates Attorney in Southern California. No more than 2.5% of attorneys in the State of California are named to the Super Lawyers, Rising Star List. Similarly, she has...
Free Consultation
Estate Planning, Employment, Immigration and Probate
Jennifer Fu is the Managing Partner and Founder of Amity Law Group. Ms. Fu focuses her practice in the areas of estate planning, probate, employment law and immigration. Ms. Fu counsels her clients on matters involving trust administration, preparation of an estate plan in order to maximize estate and gift tax exemptions including the drafting of living trusts and irrevocable living trusts. Ms. Fu is also experienced with defending employers in a variety of labor law matters along with employment-based immigrant and non-immigrant petitions. Ms. Fu is fluent in English, Mandarin, Cantonese and Taiwanese.
Ms. Fu received her...
Ms. Fu received her...
Estate Planning, Elder, Family and Probate
The lawyers and staff who make up Morris & Morris are not that different from the people we represent. We encounter the same highs and lows and we share the same desire for happy and healthy families. Since the founding of our San Gabriel Valley law firm in 1997, those common interests have only served to reinforce our belief in what we do. We have children of our own and we can identify with both the difficulties and the benefits of raising a family in Southern California. We can help you ensure that your children are provided for whether...
Estate Planning, Divorce, Family and Probate
I have been a practicing attorney for over 20 years, and my practice for the last 15 years has been focused on Family Law in the Los Angeles and Orange County areas of California.
Estate Planning, Elder and Probate
ATTORNEY
As an attorney in private practice in Los Angeles County, California William Hayes provides extensive estate and tax planning services to individuals and businesses in Los Angeles, Pasadena, Glendale, Burbank and surrounding communities. Attorney Hayes’ primary focus is to help clients avoid probate, protect their assets, and provide for the security of their loved ones with a well-crafted estate plan. He believes in giving each client the time needed to explain his or her needs and wishes and then dedicates his efforts toward making the client’s desires clear in their final estate plan.
Clients of The Hayes Law Firm have often...
As an attorney in private practice in Los Angeles County, California William Hayes provides extensive estate and tax planning services to individuals and businesses in Los Angeles, Pasadena, Glendale, Burbank and surrounding communities. Attorney Hayes’ primary focus is to help clients avoid probate, protect their assets, and provide for the security of their loved ones with a well-crafted estate plan. He believes in giving each client the time needed to explain his or her needs and wishes and then dedicates his efforts toward making the client’s desires clear in their final estate plan.
Clients of The Hayes Law Firm have often...
Estate Planning, Business and Probate
Free Consultation
Estate Planning and Tax
Leslie Daff, JD, MBA, is a State Bar Certified Legal Specialist in Estate Planning, Probate and Trust Law. Formerly with the law firms of Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison LLP, Best Best & Krieger LLP, and Palmieri, Tyler, Weiner, Wilhelm & Waldron LLP, she founded Estate Plan, Inc,, a professional law corporation with offices in Laguna Beach and Irvine in 2005. In 2010, she opened an Overland Park location in conjuntion with Randy Gardner, JD, LLM, MBA, CPA.
Leslie received her JD degree from Loyola Law School, Los Angeles, where she served as an editor on the Loyola Law...
Estate Planning Attorneys in Nearby CitiesEstate Planning Attorneys in Nearby Counties
The OneCLE Lawyer Directory contains lawyers who have claimed their profiles and are actively seeking clients. Find more Castroville Estate Planning Lawyers in the Justia Legal Services and Lawyers Directory which includes profiles of more than one million lawyers licensed to practice in the United States, in addition to profiles of legal aid, pro bono and legal service organizations.
Researching Attorney Discipline
Find out whether an attorney has ever been disciplined.