Claimed Lawyer Profile
James David Hartt
Liverpool, NY Civil Rights Lawyer with 22 years of experience
Free ConsultationCivil Rights, Criminal Defense, Education and Employment
Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois Institute of Technology
Attorney James D. Hartt represents victims of employment discrimination statewide. He has significant experience representing clients in the NYS Division of Human Rights, EEOC and in State and Federal Courts. Call Attorney James D. Hartt today to set up your free initial telephone consultation.
With Offices in Rochester, Buffalo, Syracuse and a Satellite Office in Manhattan, Attorney James D. Hartt is proud to offer his legal expertise to New Yorkers statewide.
James practices in several other areas of law, including but not limited to: criminal defense, professional licensure defense, civil litigation, education law, and others!
Harlan Bruce Gingold
SYRACUSE, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 53 years of experience
Civil Rights, Arbitration & Mediation, Criminal Defense and Divorce
Syracuse University College of Law
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&A
David Fallon
Albany, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 12 years of experience
Civil Rights, Appeals, Employment and Landlord Tenant
Brooklyn Law School
David focuses his practice on federal and private sector employment litigation, as well as landlord / tenant law, civil litigation, and appeals.
David has a strong record of success representing his clients in court and before federal and state administrative agencies. He understands that no two cases are exactly alike, and he works with his clients to try and achieve the best possible result based on the unique facts of their case. David litigates aggressively on behalf of his clients, while always taking the client’s own tolerance for risk into account in determining the appropriate litigation strategy.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Stacey Bucci
Albany, NY Civil Rights Lawyer with 13 years of experience
Free ConsultationCivil Rights, Business, Education and Real Estate
Western New England University School of Law
Provide closing and title services to national and local banks, mortgage companies, loan officers, brokers, and consumers. Write deeds, search titles, prepare and process closing documents, disburse settlement funds, and execute closings. Landlord-tenant law. Analyze legal liability of businesses and implement crucial policies necessary to safeguard against potential legal claims. Form domestic and foreign corporations and other business entities. Prepare various legal disclaimers and contracts essential to protect businesses including but not limited to employee handbooks, confidentiality agreements, and corporate resolutions. Represent parties at school meetings, mediation sessions, and due process hearings. Civil litigation. Select constitutional law and discrimination cases...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Ryan C. Woodworth
Binghamton, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 13 years of experience
Free ConsultationCivil Rights, Employment and Personal Injury
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Jared Preston Hirt
Rochester, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 19 years of experience
Civil Rights, Business, Divorce and Family
Albany Law School
Jared Hirt is a Business Law, Divorce & Family Law, DWI & Criminal Defense, Litigation and Real Estate attorney in Rochester, NY.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Allen Lim
Binghamton, NY Civil Rights Lawyer with 1 year of experience
Free ConsultationCivil Rights and Personal Injury
Western State University College of Law
Allen Lim, Esq. is an attorney in the Litigation and Personal Injury Departments of Horn Wright, LLP.
Allen grew up and attended school in Orange County, California. He attained a B.A. in Criminal Justice from California State University, Fullerton, and his J.D. at Western State College of Law. An internship with the Orange County Public Defender started his desire to help those in need, and he carries that same drive to this day. Additionally, he utilizes his prior experience in customer service to ensure that each client is heard and that all of their questions are addressed.
Allen is bilingual...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial MediaResponsive Law
Thomas Farrell
Oswego, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 4 years of experience
Civil Rights, Arbitration & Mediation, Business and Criminal Defense
Roger Williams University School of Law
I am a NY State attorney. I am currently in private practice with a focus on matters of litigation in central NY state courts and federal district courts. My law practice is concerned primarily with criminal defense, commercial law as well as plaintiff's civil causes of action such as personal injury, property claims or violations of various rights. I have plead matters on behalf of clients in criminal court and family court (divorce). I am accepting new clients in the aforementioned circumstances, as well as most general practice matters. I have additional experience in real...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Paul Vincent Ciminelli
Penfield, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 37 years of experience
Civil Rights, Criminal Defense, DUI & DWI and Estate Planning
Rutgers University - Camden
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Ariel Elaine Solomon
Albany, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 17 years of experience
Civil Rights, Administrative and Employment
Albany Law School
Ariel E. Solomon, Esq., concentrates her practice in the areas of Federal Employment Law and Civil Litigation. She has significant experience asserting rights of employees in complex litigation matters, including but not limited to, providing aggressive representation for employees in adverse action cases before the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB), discrimination cases before the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, federal retirement and whistleblower retaliation cases. She is internationally recognized for her work representing physician whistleblowers employed with the Department of Veterans Affairs.
Ariel frequently represents clients based in Asia, the European Union, and the Middle East. ...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Kimberly G. Finnigan
Clifton Park , NY Civil Rights Lawyer
1520 Crescent Road
Suite 300
Clifton Park , NY 12065
Civil Rights, Appeals, Business and Education
William & Mary Marshall-Wythe School of Law
Kimberly G. Finnigan is a bilingual attorney who focuses her practice on immigration, employment and labor law, and civil rights litigation. Ms. Finnigan is a graduate of William and Mary Law School, where she was a Jessup International Moot Court Team member, served as President of the International Law Society, and co-founded the LL.M. Student Assistance Program. Ms. Finnigan received honors in Appellate Brief Writing and was acknowledged as a Mary Siegrist Hinz Leadership Fellow and recipient of the Gambrell Professionalism Award. Ms. Finnigan was awarded her Bachelor of Arts in Spanish and Education, magna cum laude, from Middlebury College...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Allen Shoikhetbrod
Albany, NY Civil Rights Lawyer with 11 years of experience
Civil Rights, Appeals, Employment and Military
At Tully Rinckey PLLC, Allen is a First Chair Associate with extensive experience in federal, state, and private employment law matters, including claims of discrimination, harassment, retaliation, qui tam and whistleblower actions, and disciplinary matters. He has represented clients before federal and state courts, as well as before administrative tribunals and agencies including the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB), U.S. Department of Labor (USDOL), Department of Veterans Affairs Disciplinary Appeals Board (DAB), New York State Department of Human Rights (DHR), New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL), and matters before the U.S. Office of Special...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Karen Sanders
Rochester, NY Civil Rights Lawyer with 30 years of experience
Civil Rights, Employment and Personal Injury
SUNY Buffalo Law School
Karen R. Sanders, Senior Counsel in Tully Rinckey PLLC’s Rochester office, focuses her practice on Civil Litigation (Personal Injury, Civil Rights and Whistleblower Actions) and Employment Law.
Karen was admitted to the bar in New York State in 1994. She also is admitted in the U.S. District Court for the Western and Northern Districts of New York, the Bankruptcy Court in the Western District of New York, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
Prior to joining Tully Rinckey PLLC, Karen practiced with the firm of Harris, Chesworth, Johnstone & Welch, LLP (2015-Present). She was previously associated with Harris,...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Emily Welch
Rochester, NY Civil Rights Attorney
Civil Rights, Business, Divorce and Foreclosure Defense
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Terence Leander Kindlon
Albany, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 50 years of experience
Civil Rights and Criminal Defense
Albany Law School
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Martin Alan Cohen
Albany, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 26 years of experience
100 Great Oaks Blvd
Albany, NY 12203
Civil Rights, Family and Insurance Defense
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial Media
Matthew Weinick
Middletown, NY Civil Rights Lawyer with 15 years of experience
Free ConsultationCivil Rights, Appeals, Arbitration & Mediation and Employment
Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University and SUNY Buffalo Law School
Matthew Weinick is a Long Island employment lawyer. Since the beginning of his career, Matt has been fighting for his clients’ workplace rights before Federal and State Court judges and administrative law judges. He has tried employment discrimination and retaliation cases before juries in Federal Court, represents clients at mediation and arbitration, and has argued appeals before the Second Circuit Court of Appeals and the New York Appellate Divisions, First and Second Departments. Matt’s success has been recognized for five consecutive years by Super Lawyers Magazine which listed him as a Rising Star from 2012-2016, a recognition reserved for...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
William A. Lorenz Jr.
Lockport, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 11 years of experience
Civil Rights, Criminal Defense, Landlord Tenant and Personal Injury
State University of New York at Buffalo School of Law
William A. Lorenz, Jr., joined HoganWillig as an Associate Attorney in the fall of 2013. He currently focuses his practice in the areas of Civil Litigation, Criminal Law, and Real Estate Law.
Mr. Lorenz brings a variety of legal experience with him to HoganWillig, having worked in the areas of civil litigation, criminal practice, family law, intellectual property law, landlord-tenant law, and real estate law. Since admission to the New York State Bar, Mr. Lorenz has appeared in courts in both Erie and Niagara County on various matters, including evictions and civil litigation. Recently, he lobbied in Albany for the Child...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Steven Michael Cohen
Lockport, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 36 years of experience
Civil Rights, Criminal Defense and White Collar Crime
State University of New York at Buffalo School of Law
From New York City originally and now residing and practicing law in Buffalo, New York, Mr. Cohen has been successfully trying civil and criminal cases, including high profile civil rights and constitutional law cases, for over 30 years. In addition to corporate and individual litigation clients, he regularly represents local, state and federal law enforcement officers from various agencies, defending them in civil, criminal and administrative proceedings. Admitted to practice in the States of New York and Pennsylvania, he has been admitted pro hac vice to handle matters in many other states. Mr. Cohen is frequently brought in as...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial Media
Edward Anthony Ruffo
Bronx, NY Civil Rights Lawyer with 31 years of experience
Free ConsultationCivil Rights, Medical Malpractice, Nursing Home and Personal Injury
St. John's University School of Law
Mr Ruffo one of the Nation's Top 100 Trial Lawyers as ranked by the National Trial Lawyers as well as a Top 100 New York Super Lawyer. He is rated Pre-Eminent By Martindale Hubble and maintains a perfect 10/10 AVVO rating. He has 23 years experience obtaining multi-million dollar verdicts and settlements for victims of negligence, specializing in Motor Vehicle, Slip, Trip & Fall , Workplace,Medical Malpractice and Nursing Home Negligence Litigation. Mr Ruffo helps victims in the NY and NJ metropolitan area. He is admitted to practice in the State and Federal Courts of NY &...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ABlawg SearchSocial Media
Jonathan Ian Nirenberg
New York, NY Civil Rights Lawyer with 25 years of experience
Civil Rights, Appeals, Business and Employment
Cornell University
I am an employment lawyer, and a partner at Rabner Baumgart Ben-Asher & Nirenberg, P.C. I represent employees in New Jersey and New York.
I handle a wide range of employment law disputes, including ones involving employment discrimination, workplace harassment, retaliation, employment contracts, severance agreements, non-compete agreements, unpaid commissions, family and medical leaves, reasonable accommodations for disabilities, and overtime and minimum wage claims.
I have been practicing law since 1998, when I graduated from Cornell Law School.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ABlawg SearchSocial Media
Jesse S. Weinstein
New York, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 8 years of experience
Free ConsultationCivil Rights and Employment
American University Washington College of Law
I am a military veteran with a relentless work ethic. I have applied the lessons I learned during my enlistment to become a proven litigator, negotiator, and leader having obtained nearly $20,000,000 in settlements for my clients.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Peter J. Famighetti
Middletown , NY Civil Rights Attorney with 24 years of experience
Free ConsultationCivil Rights, Appeals, Employment and Real Estate
Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University
Peter is a passionate and dedicated advocate. Peter has represented clients in various forums, including the United States District Court for the Eastern and Southern Districts of New York, as well as in New York State Courts in the region. Throughout his career that has spanned more than a decade, Peter has served as defendants' and Plaintiffs' counsel in single and class action employment related litigation. Most recently, Peter won a jury trial on a First Amendment retaliation case in Federal Court. Additionally, Peter has appeared extensively in cases before arbitration tribunals and administrative agencies, including...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ABlawg SearchSocial MediaResponsive Law
Greg Mansell
New York, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 15 years of experience
Free ConsultationCivil Rights, Arbitration & Mediation, Business and Employment
The Ohio State University Michael E. Moritz College of Law
Employment attorney in Columbus, Ohio that does work on behalf of the employee. I have been rated by Super Lawyers and recognized by Best Lawyers in America. My firm, Mansell Law, has been selected by US News and Best Law firms in America. I am passionate about protecting the rights of the individual!
The employment attorneys at Mansell Law are ready and able to fight for the rights of employees. Our employment lawyers are aggressive and relentless in your pursuit. We have helped thousands of individuals in all aspects of employment law including, but certainly not limited to, unpaid...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial Media
Richard Hochhauser
Hempstead, NY Civil Rights Lawyer with 9 years of experience
Free ConsultationCivil Rights, Criminal Defense, DUI & DWI and White Collar Crime
Fordham University School of Law
Richard Hochhauser is the founding partner at the Law Office of Richard Hochhauser, PLLC. As a former Assistant District Attorney, Mr. Hochhauser is a proven trial attorney having successfully taken numerous criminal cases to verdict and is highly experienced in all aspects of criminal law. As an ADA, Mr. Hochhauser prosecuted thousands of criminal cases, including DWI, hit and run, drug sale and possession, assault, domestic violence, larceny, financial fraud, ID theft, and many others. Further, Mr. Hochhauser was chosen to be a member of a specialized unit which focused on DWI and DUI prosecution.
As part of this appointment,...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Aaron Spolin
New York, NY Civil Rights Attorney
Civil Rights, Appeals, Criminal Defense and White Collar Crime
University of California, Berkeley School of Law
Spolin Law P.C.’s founder, Aaron Spolin, is a former prosecutor and award-winning criminal appeals attorney. He has achieved successful outcomes on hundreds of criminal cases, including numerous dismissals of major felony cases; non-criminal resolutions to complex fraud and insurance fraud defense cases; successful appellate outcomes from various appellate courts; and multiple not-guilty jury verdicts at trial. Innocent Spolin Law clients wrongfully accused of murder and other serious crimes are now free because of his work.
Aaron is the recipient of various awards for his advocacy, including the American College of Trial Lawyer’s Medal for Excellence in Oral Advocacy as well as...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Michael Rose
New York, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 27 years of experience
Free ConsultationCivil Rights, Construction and Personal Injury
New England Law | Boston
Attorney Michael A. Rose focuses his practice on successfully obtaining financial compensation for accident victims throughout the state of New York. He has tried a substantial amount of cases which have resulted in seven-figure jury verdicts and settlements. Also, in 2012 , Rose secured the largest jury verdict in the State of New York for Construction Site Accidents. Aside from providing legal assistance to his clients, Rose is currently a member of professional associations such as the New York State Bar Association, the New York State Trial Lawyers Association, and the American Association of Justice.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Andrew Cherkasky
New York, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 18 years of experience
Civil Rights, Criminal Defense, Medical Malpractice and Military
Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois Institute of Technology
Andrew Cherkasky Andrew Cherkasky is a former federal prosecutor best known for his work as an elite complex litigation attorney with a tremendous range of professional experience. He has become a premier national civil rights attorney through his wide range of legal experience, spanning from complex criminal litigation, to commercial and corporate transactions, to advising Generals in combat, to leading multi-million-dollar federal lawsuits. Andrew is a regular contributor on Fox News, CNN, and other national networks and has also been recognized for his expertise by a wide range of national news outlets, to include: The New York Times, The Washington...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileBlawg SearchSocial MediaResponsive Law
Vincent A. Antoniello
New York, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 24 years of experience
Civil Rights, Appeals, Arbitration & Mediation and Employment
Seton Hall University School of Law
Vincent A. Antoniello is a Member with Resnick Law Group, a New Jersey and New York employment law firm. He began practicing law in 2000 and has more than two decades of experience as an employment lawyer. He concentrates in representing employees in all aspects of employment law.
Prior to joining Resnick Law Group, Vincent practiced employment law at Lowenstein Sandler PC, representing businesses and management in employment law litigation and counseling matters. Having practiced employment law from the employer-side, Vincent now leverages that invaluable experience to benefit his employee clients.
In addition to being a strong advocate for his clients,...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileBlawg SearchSocial Media
Shawn Barnett
New York City, NY Civil Rights Lawyer with 11 years of experience
Civil Rights, Criminal Defense, Municipal and Personal Injury
Loyola University Chicago School of Law and Golden Gate University School of Law
Shawn Barnett is a skilled litigator and trial attorney who is dedicated to helping those who have been victimized by law enforcement or correctional officers. He has received multiple million-dollar settlements for his clients and has been recognized as an Illinois Rising Star multiple times.
During his time as an attorney, Shawn has represented numerous clients who have been injured by those who have abused their authority. He has vigorously pursued a wide variety of claims on behalf of his clients, including false arrest, malicious prosecution, excessive force, wrongful death, and sexual assault. Shawn has a particular focus on police involved...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial MediaResponsive Law
Karen Ford Edler
White Plains, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 40 years of experience
Civil Rights, Education, Employment and Landlord Tenant
New York Law School
Karen Edler is the founder of the Price, Meese, Shulman & D'Arminio, P.C. Education Law Group. She advocates for parents and students to obtain a free, appropriate public education for students with disabilities under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”), Section 504 & related laws. Ms. Edler's services include reviewing Individual Education Plans (“IEP”) & Section 504 Plans, attending meetings and filing due process petitions when necessary. Ms. Edler represents students with any educational issues including academic issues, school disciplinary cases, bullying cases and collegiate academic and disciplinary matters. Ms. Edler handles special needs planning, Special Needs Trusts, guardianship...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Rebecca M. Kujawa
Lockport, NY Civil Rights Lawyer with 8 years of experience
Civil Rights, Appeals, Medical Malpractice and Personal Injury
State University of New York at Buffalo School of Law
Rebecca Kujawa concentrates her practice in Litigation and Appellate Practice. Rebecca has experience in various types of civil litigation in state court as well as with administrative agencies. Rebecca assists in many aspects of the litigation process, including pleadings, discovery and motion practice. Rebecca received her JD from the State University of New York at Buffalo Law School, where she served as a Publications Editor for the Buffalo Law Review and was awarded the Order of the Coif (highest academic achievement). As a law student, Rebecca also gained extensive insight into civil litigation as a student law clerk to...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Laurie E. Morrison
New York, NY Civil Rights Lawyer with 20 years of experience
Free ConsultationCivil Rights and Employment
Cornell University
As an African American/Black woman, attorney Laurie E. Morrison has first-hand experience with discrimination, harassment and other unlawful workplace abuse, and she fights for each and every one of her clients.
Laurie fights for employees who have been subjected to employment/workplace discrimination, harassment, retaliation, medical leave violations, failure to pay wages, failure to pay overtime, and wrongful terminations. We serve employees in New York City, New York State and throughout the state of New Jersey.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial Media
Christopher Q. Davis
New York, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 23 years of experience
Free ConsultationCivil Rights and Employment
The Catholic University of America Columbus School of Law
Powerful Voice. Strong Results. Compassionate Representation. Meet Chris. Client-focused and results driven NY/NJ employment attorney. I handle severance negotiations, workplace discrimination, unpaid wage and overtime pay recovery, retaliation, wrongful termination. Let's discuss your solution.
During his career, Mr. Davis has served as class counsel on numerous nationwide employment class actions and has tried nearly 20 cases to verdict. Mr. Davis has been recognized by the press as an experienced trial attorney and employment law expert. He is regularly interviewed by print and television media outlets around the world, including The Associated Press, The Shriver Report, and CNN En...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileBlawg SearchSocial Media
Ben B. Rubinowitz
New York, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 42 years of experience
Free ConsultationCivil Rights, Legal Malpractice, Medical Malpractice and Personal Injury
Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Karen Hillary Charrington
New York, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 24 years of experience
Civil Rights, Appeals, Divorce and Family
City University of New York School of Law
Karen Charrington is a highly-skilled trial attorney. She is a former prosecutor who was trained in the Bronx County District Attorney’s office, which has one of the highest volumes of cases in New York City.
Ms. Charrington began her career as a Criminal Court Line Assistant and rose to the ranks of a Major Case Assistant handling the most serious criminal cases in the office. As an Assistant District Attorney, she was able to sharpen her skills as a no-nonsense litigator and trial attorney.
Trial attorneys always have a leg up on the competition because they can see a case from the...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileResponsive Law
Brooke D. Youngwirth
Poughkeepsie, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 13 years of experience
Civil Rights, Business, Employment and Personal Injury
SUNY Buffalo Law School
Brooke Dana Youngwirth represents both employees and private and public-sector employers before state and federal agencies, including the New York State Division of Human Rights and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Brooke also defends private and public employers against employment harassment and discrimination, labor violations, and various other federal and state claims.
In addition, Brooke frequently provides counsel to individuals, school districts, police departments, and other private employers on a range of topics such as wrongful termination, student disciplinary matters, employment discrimination, and the implementation of employment policies and handbooks. Brooke has held client training sessions and continuing legal education seminars...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileBlawg SearchSocial Media
David H. Ben-Asher
New York, NY Civil Rights Lawyer with 57 years of experience
Civil Rights and Employment
Georgetown University Law Center
Claimed Lawyer ProfileBlawg SearchSocial Media
Patrick J. Boyd
New York, NY Civil Rights Attorney with 22 years of experience
Civil Rights and Employment
St. John's University School of Law
Patrick Boyd founded The Boyd Law Group, PLLC and is a experienced labor and employment law attorney frequently featured in the press including on Fox News and in the New York Times relating to labor and employment issues. He has represented individual executives including many CEOs, Fortune 100 companies and small businesses in employment, labor, and education law matters.
He has counseled clients on the full range of workplace law issues, including claims of wrongful discharge, harassment, wage and hour violations (including class actions) and claim of discrimination under federal, state and local laws.
In addition to advising clients and running his...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileBlawg SearchSocial MediaResponsive Law
Gerald Jay Resnick
New York, NY Civil Rights Lawyer with 34 years of experience
Civil Rights, Arbitration & Mediation and Employment
Western New England University School of Law
Gerald Jay Resnick is the founder of Resnick Law Group, a New Jersey and New York employment law firm. He has practiced law since 1979, and has focused on employment and discrimination cases since 1985. He has significant experience in all aspects of employment law, including discrimination, harassment, employment contracts and severance agreements, wage and hour cases, retaliation and whistleblower claims, and family and medical leave claims.
Mr. Resnick is one of a small group of NJ employment attorneys who is certified by the Supreme Court of New Jersey as a Certified Trial Attorney. Certified Attorneys are a group with demonstrated...